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The article describes the emergence and development of positive epistemology and quantification tools in the dynamics of inequalities in education. It contributes to a history of the present at a time when datafication and experimentalism are reappearing in educational policies to justify the reduction of inequalities across international surveys and randomised controlled trials. This socio‐history of metrics also sheds light on transformations about relationships historically established between the welfare state and education that have shaped the representation of inequalities and social programs in education. The use of large‐scale surveys and controlled experiments in social and educational policies developed in the 1920s and 30s, even if their methods and techniques have become more sophisticated due to statistical progress. However, statistical reasoning is today no less persuasive in justifying the measurement of student skills and various forms of state intervention for "at‐risk" children and youth. With the rise of international organisations, notably the European Commission, demographic issues related to school population and the reduction of inequalities have shifted. It is less a question of selecting the most talented or gifted among working‐class students than of investing in human capital from early childhood to improve the education systems' performance and competitiveness for the lifelong learning economy and European social investment strategy. This article attempts to illustrate this new arithmetic of inequalities in education at the European level.

The article describes the emergence and development of positive epistemology and quantification tools in the dynamics of inequalities in education. It contributes to a history of the present at a time when datafication and experimentalism are reappearing in educational policies to justify the reduction of inequalities across international surveys and randomised controlled trials. This socio‐history of metrics also sheds light on transformations about relationships historically established between the welfare state and education that have shaped the representation of inequalities and social programs in education. The use of large‐scale surveys and controlled experiments in social and educational policies developed in the 1920s and 30s, even if their methods and techniques have become more sophisticated due to statistical progress. However, statistical reasoning is today no less persuasive in justifying the measurement of student skills and various forms of state intervention for "at‐risk" children and youth. With the rise of international organisations, notably the European Commission, demographic issues related to school population and the reduction of inequalities have shifted. It is less a question of selecting the most talented or gifted among working‐class students than of investing in human capital from early childhood to improve the education systems' performance and competitiveness for the lifelong learning economy and European social investment strategy. This article attempts to illustrate this new arithmetic of inequalities in education at the European level.

Résumé Cet article s'intéresse à la circulation internationale du modèle de la preuve en éducation. Il montre comment cette circulation opère depuis le champ de la santé publique et la façon dont certaines technologies et contenus d'expertise sont conçus par des consortiums internationaux disposant d'une capacité d'influence assez large dans les liens qu'ils établissent à travers le monde avec un certain nombre d'États, d'agences nationales et d'universités. L'article caractérise également le rôle des organisations supranationales, notamment l'OCDE et la Commission européenne, comme agents de diffusion et médiateurs de cette expertise internationale. Le modèle de la preuve sert à redéfinir les rapports entre la recherche et la politique, de la santé vers l'éducation, tout en instituant de nouvelles règles et méthodes d'évaluation des programmes d'intervention et de gestion publique.

The field of research on school leadership is not really developed in France. Professional literature dominates over research papers and the concept of management is not very popular among educators and academics. It is considered as connoted to business and to the market and opposed to the values of public services. French principals view themselves as «administrators» or «representatives of the State» and they are very concerned to apply national legislation and ministry's directives. Even if this notion is implicitly present within official instructions that define principals as «pedagogical and educative pilots» of schools, these executives lack real legitimacy to act on the teaching and learning issues which remain in the hands of State inspectors. So, leadership is recognized not as an official function, but rather through an implicit and blurred sense of professionalism expressed sometimes by professionals as «personal charisma», «sense of dialogue», «proximity». «Authority» and «responsibility» are the main social representations allowing principals to define their «missions» as public servants.

"The range, speed and scale of Europeanizing effects in education, and their complexity, has produced a relatively new field of study. Using scholarship and research drawn from sociology, politics and education, this book examines the rise of international and transnational policy and the flow of data and people around Europe to study Europeanizing processes and situations in education. Each chapter creates a space for policy research on European education, involving a range of disciplines to develop empirical studies about European institutions, networks and processes; the interplay between policy-makers, stakeholders, experts, and researchers; and the space between the European and the national. The volume investigates the construction of European education, exploring the consideration of the role of think tanks and consultancies, international organizations, researcher mobilities, standards, indicators of higher education, and cultural metaphor. Bringing together international contributors from a variety of disciplines across Europe, the book will be of key value to academics, researchers and postgraduate students in the fields of education studies, politics and sociology"--

L'article examine les modifications les plus marquantes intervenues dans la gouvernance et l'organisation des universités en Europe et leurs effets sur le travail des universitaires. Il explique comment les principes de l'assurance qualité et la Nouvelle Gestion publique génèrent de nouvelles normes et attentes à l'encontre des enseignants-chercheurs à l'intérieur comme à l'extérieur de leur université. En présentant les traits fondamentaux de ces nouveaux dispositifs gestionnaires, et leurs conséquences sur l'enseignement et la recherche, il est possible de caractériser de nouvelles conventions du travail académique qui organisent un déplacement d'un professionnalisme de métier à un professionnalisme de l'organisation.